Thursday, 30 August 2012

Omeprazole 20 mg gastro-resistant capsules





1. Name Of The Medicinal Product



Omeprazole 20 mg gastro-resistant capsules, hard


2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition



Omeprazole 20 mg: one capsule contains 20 mg of omeprazole.



Excipient: Lactose monohydrate.



Each 20 mg capsule contains 2 mg of lactose monohydrate



For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.



3. Pharmaceutical Form



Gastro-resistant capsule, hard



Reddish brown / Pink, size '1' hard gelatin capsules imprinted with 'E' on Reddish brown cap and '67' on pink body with black ink filled with white to off-white granules covered with a gastro-resistant coating.



4. Clinical Particulars



4.1 Therapeutic Indications



Omeprazole capsules are indicated for:



Adults



• Treatment of duodenal ulcers



• Prevention of relapse of duodenal ulcers



• Treatment of gastric ulcers



• Prevention of relapse of gastric ulcers



• In combination with appropriate antibiotics, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication in peptic ulcer disease



• Treatment of NSAID-associated gastric and duodenal ulcers



• Prevention of NSAID-associated gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients at risk



• Treatment of reflux esophagitis



• Long-term management of patients with healed reflux esophagitis



• Treatment of symptomatic gastro-esophageal reflux disease



• Treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome



Paediatric use



Children over 1 year of age and



• Treatment of reflux esophagitis



• Symptomatic treatment of heartburn and acid regurgitation in gastro-esophageal reflux disease



Children and adolescents over 4 years of age



In combination with antibiotics in treatment of duodenal ulcer caused by H. pylori



4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration



Posology in adults



Treatment of duodenal ulcers



The recommended dose in patients with an active duodenal ulcer is 20 mg omeprazole once daily. In most patients healing occurs within two weeks. For those patients who may not be fully healed after the initial course, healing usually occurs during a further two weeks treatment period. In patients with poorly responsive duodenal ulcer 40 mg omeprazole once daily is recommended and healing is usually achieved within four weeks.



Prevention of relapse of duodenal ulcers



For the prevention of relapse of duodenal ulcer in H. pylori negative patients or when H. pylori eradication is not possible the recommended dose is 20 mg omeprazole once daily. In some patients a daily dose of 10 mg may be sufficient. In case of therapy failure, the dose can be increased to 40 mg.



Treatment of gastric ulcers



The recommended dose is 20 mg omeprazole once daily. In most patients healing occurs within four weeks. For those patients who may not be fully healed after the initial course, healing usually occurs during a further four weeks treatment period. In patients with poorly responsive gastric ulcer 40 mg omeprazole once daily is recommended and healing is usually achieved within eight weeks.



Prevention of relapse of gastric ulcers



For the prevention of relapse in patients with poorly responsive gastric ulcer the recommended dose is 20 mg omeprazole once daily. If needed the dose can be increased to 40 mg omeprazole once daily.



H. pylori eradication in peptic ulcer disease



For the eradication of H. pylori the selection of antibiotics should consider the individual patient's drug tolerance, and should be undertaken in accordance with national, regional and local resistance patterns and treatment guidelines.



• omeprazole 20 mg + clarithromycin 500 mg + amoxicillin 1,000 mg, each twice daily for one week, or



• omeprazole 20 mg + clarithromycin 250 mg (alternatively 500 mg) + metronidazole 400 mg (or 500 mg or tinidazole 500 mg), each twice daily for one week or



• omeprazole 40 mg once daily with amoxicillin 500 mg and metronidazole 400 mg (or 500 mg or tinidazole 500 mg), both three times a day for one week.



In each regimen, if the patient is still H. pylori positive, therapy may be repeated.



Treatment of NSAID-associated gastric and duodenal ulcers



For the treatment of NSAID-associated gastric and duodenal ulcers, the recommended dose is 20 mg omeprazole once daily. In most patients healing occurs within four weeks. For those patients who may not be fully healed after the initial course, healing usually occurs during a further four weeks treatment period.



Prevention of NSAID-associated gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients at risk



For the prevention of NSAID-associated gastric ulcers or duodenal ulcers in patients at risk (age > 60, previous history of gastric and duodenal ulcers, previous history of upper GI bleeding) the recommended dose is 20 mg omeprazole once daily.



Treatment of reflux esophagitis



The recommended dose is 20 mg omeprazole once daily. In most patients healing occurs within four weeks. For those patients who may not be fully healed after the initial course, healing usually occurs during a further four weeks treatment period.



In patients with severe esophagitis 40 mg omeprazole once daily is recommended and healing is usually achieved within eight weeks.



Long-term management of patients with healed reflux esophagitis



For the long-term management of patients with healed reflux esophagitis the recommended dose is 10 mg omeprazole once daily. If needed, the dose can be increased to 20-40 mg omeprazole once daily.



Treatment of symptomatic gastro-esophageal reflux disease



The recommended dose is 20 mg omeprazole daily. Patients may respond adequately to 10 mg daily, and therefore individual dose adjustment should be considered.



If symptom control has not been achieved after four weeks treatment with 20 mg omeprazole daily, further investigation is recommended.



Treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome



In patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome the dose should be individually adjusted and treatment continued as long as clinically indicated. The recommended initial dose is 60 mg omeprazole daily. All patients with severe disease and inadequate response to other therapies have been effectively controlled and more than 90% of the patients maintained on doses of 20-120 mg omeprazole daily. When the dose exceeds 80 mg omeprazole daily, the dose should be divided and given twice daily.



Posology in children



Children over 1 year of age and



Treatment of reflux esophagitis



Symptomatic treatment of heartburn and acid regurgitation in gastro-esophageal reflux disease



The posology recommendations are as follows:













Age




Weight




Posology







10-20 kg




10 mg once daily. The dose can be increased to 20 mg once daily if needed







> 20 kg




20 mg once daily. The dose can be increased to 40 mg once daily if needed



Reflux esophagitis: The treatment time is 4-8 weeks.



Symptomatic treatment of heartburn and acid regurgitation in gastro-esophageal reflux disease: The treatment time is 2–4 weeks. If symptom control has not been achieved after 2–4 weeks the patient should be investigated further.



Children and adolescents over 4 years of age



Treatment of duodenal ulcer caused by H. pylori



When selecting appropriate combination therapy, consideration should be given to official national, regional and local guidance regarding bacterial resistance, duration of treatment (most commonly 7 days but sometimes up to 14 days), and appropriate use of antibacterial agents.



The treatment should be supervised by a specialist.



The posology recommendations are as follows:












Weight




Posology




15–30 kg




Combination with two antibiotics: omeprazole 10 mg, amoxicillin 25 mg/kg body weight and clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg body weight are all administrated together two times daily for one week.




31–40 kg




Combination with two antibiotics: omeprazole 20 mg, amoxicillin 750 mg and clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg body weight are all administrated two times daily for one week.




> 40 kg




Combination with two antibiotics: omeprazole 20 mg, amoxicillin 1 g and clarithromycin 500 mg are all administrated two times daily for one week.



Special populations



Impaired renal function



Dose adjustment is not needed in patients with impaired renal function (see section 5.2).



Impaired hepatic function



In patients with impaired hepatic function a daily dose of 10–20 mg may be sufficient (see section 5.2).



Elderly (> 65 years old)



Dose adjustment is not needed in the elderly (see section 5.2).



Method of administration



It is recommended to take omeprazole capsules in the morning, preferably without food, swallowed whole with half a glass of water. The capsules must not be chewed or crushed.



For patients with swallowing difficulties and for children who can drink or swallow semi-solid food



Patients can open the capsule and swallow the contents with half a glass of water or after mixing the contents in a slightly acidic fluid e.g., fruit juice or applesauce, or in non-carbonated water. Patients should be advised that the dispersion should be taken immediately (or within 30 minutes) and always be stirred just before drinking and rinsed down with half a glass of water.



Alternatively patients can suck the capsule and swallow the pellets with half a glass of water. The enteric-coated pellets must not be chewed.



4.3 Contraindications



Hypersensitivity to omeprazole, substituted benzimidazoles or to any of the excipients.



Omeprazole like other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) must not be used concomitantly with nelfinavir (see section 4.5).



4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use



In the presence of any alarm symptom (e.g. significant unintentional weight loss, recurrent vomiting, dysphagia, haematemesis or melena) and when gastric ulcer is suspected or present, malignancy should be excluded, as treatment may alleviate symptoms and delay diagnosis.



Co-administration of atazanavir with proton pump inhibitors is not recommended (see section 4.5). If the combination of atazanavir with a proton pump inhibitor is judged unavoidable, close clinical monitoring (e.g virus load) is recommended in combination with an increase in the dose of atazanavir to 400 mg with 100 mg of ritonavir; omeprazole 20 mg should not be exceeded.



Omeprazole, as all acid-blocking medicines, may reduce the absorption of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) due to hypo- or achlorhydria. This should be considered in patients with reduced body stores or risk factors for reduced vitamin B12 absorption on long-term therapy.



Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 inhibitor. When starting or ending treatment with omeprazole, the potential for interactions with drugs metabolised through CYP2C19 should be considered. An interaction is observed between clopidogrel and omeprazole (see section 4.5). The clinical relevance of this interaction is uncertain. As a precaution, concomitant use of omeprazole and clopidogrel should be discouraged.



Some children with chronic illnesses may require long-term treatment although it is not recommended.



Treatment with proton pump inhibitors may lead to slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter (see section 5.1).



As in all long-term treatments, especially when exceeding a treatment period of 1 year, patients should be kept under regular surveillance.



This medicinal product contains lactose. Therefore patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.



4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction



Effects of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of other active substances



Active substances with pH dependent absorption



The decreased intragastric acidity during treatment with omeprazole might increase or decrease the absorption of active substances with a gastric pH dependent absorption.



Nelfinavir, atazanavir



The plasma levels of nelfinavir and atazanavir are decreased in case of co-administration with omeprazole.



Concomitant administration of omeprazole with nelfinavir is contraindicated (see section 4.3). Co-administration of omeprazole (40 mg once daily) reduced mean nelvinavir exposure by ca. 40% and the mean exposure of the pharmacologically active metabolite M8 was reduced by ca. 75 –90%. The interaction may also involve CYP2C19 inhibition.



Concomitant administration of omeprazole with atazanavir is not recommended (see section 4.4). Concomitant administration of omeprazole (40 mg once daily) and atazanavir 300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg to healthy volunteers resulted in a 75% decrease of the atazanavir exposure. Increasing the atazanavir dose to 400 mg did not compensate for the impact of omeprazole on atazanavir exposure. The co-administration of omeprazole (20 mg once daily) with atazanavir 400 mg/ritonavir 100 mg to healthy volunteers resulted in a decrease of approximately 30% in the atazanavir exposure as compared to atazanavir 300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg once daily.



Digoxin



Concomitant treatment with omeprazole (20 mg daily) and digoxin in healthy subjects increased the bioavailability of digoxin by 10%. Digoxin toxicity has been rarely reported. However caution should be exercised when omeprazole is given at high doses in elderly patients. Therapeutic drug monitoring of digoxin should be then reinforced.



Clopidogrel



In a crossover clinical study, clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose followed by 75 mg/day) alone and with omeprazole (80 mg at the same time as clopidogrel) were administered for 5 days. The exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel was decreased by 46% (Day 1) and 42% (Day 5) when clopidogrel and omeprazole were administered together. Mean inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) was diminished by 47% (24 hours) and 30% (Day 5) when clopidogrel and omeprazole were administered together. In another study it was shown that administering clopidogrel and omeprazole at different times did not prevent their interaction that is likely to be driven by the inhibitory effect of omeprazole on CYP2C19. Inconsistent data on the clinical implications of this PK/PD interaction in terms of major cardiovascular events have been reported from observational and clinical studies.



Other active substances



The absorption of posaconazole, erlotinib, ketoconazol and itraconazol is significantly reduced and thus clinical efficacy may be impaired. For posaconazole and erlotinib concomitant use should be avoided.



Active substances metabolised by CYP2C19



Omeprazole is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2C19, the major omeprazole metabolising enzyme. Thus, the metabolism of concomitant active substances also metabolised by CYP2C19, may be decreased and the systemic exposure to these substances increased. Examples of such drugs are R-warfarin and other vitamin K antagonists, cilostazol, diazepam and phenytoin.



Cilostazol



Omeprazole, given in doses of 40 mg to healthy subjects in a cross-over study, increased Cmax and AUC for cilostazol by 18% and 26% respectively, and one of its active metabolites by 29% and 69% respectively.



Phenytoin



Monitoring phenytoin plasma concentration is recommended during the first two weeks after initiating omeprazole treatment and, if a phenytoin dose adjustment is made, monitoring and a further dose adjustment should occur upon ending omeprazole treatment.



Unknown mechanism



Saquinavir



Concomitant administration of omeprazole with saquinavir/ritonavir resulted in increased plasma levels up to approximately 70% for saquinavir associated with good tolerability in HIV-infected patients.



Tacrolimus



Concomitant administration of omeprazole has been reported to increase the serum levels of tacrolimus. A reinforced monitoring of tacrolimus concentrations as well as renal function (creatinine clearance) should be performed, and dosage of tacrolimus adjusted if needed.



Effects of other active substances on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole



Inhibitors CYP2C19 and/or CYP3A4



Since omeprazole is metabolised by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, active substances known to inhibit CYP2C19 or CYP3A4 (such as clarithromycin and voriconazole) may lead to increased omeprazole serum levels by decreasing omeprazole's rate of metabolism. Concomitant voriconazole treatment resulted in more than doubling of the omeprazole exposure. As high doses of omeprazole have been well-tolerated adjustment of the omeprazole dose is not generally required. However, dose adjustment should be considered in patients with severe hepatic impairment and if long-term treatment is indicated.



Inducers of CYP2C19 and/or CYP3A4



Active substances known to induce CYP2C19 or CYP3A4 or both (such as rifampicin and St John's wort) may lead to decreased omeprazole serum levels by increasing omeprazole's rate of metabolism.



4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation



Results from three prospective epidemiological studies (more than 1000 exposed outcomes) indicate no adverse effects of omeprazole on pregnancy or on the health of the foetus/newborn child. Omeprazole can be used during pregnancy.



Omeprazole is excreted in breast milk but is not likely to influence the child when therapeutic doses are used.



4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines



Omeprazole is not likely to affect the ability to drive or use machines. Adverse drug reactions such as dizziness and visual disturbances may occur (see section 4.8). If affected, patients should not drive or operate machinery.



4.8 Undesirable Effects



The most common side effects (1-10% of patients) are headache, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence and nausea/vomiting.



The following adverse drug reactions have been identified or suspected in the clinical trials programme for omeprazole and post-marketing. None was found to be dose-related. Adverse reactions listed below are classified according to frequency and System Organ Class (SOC). Frequency categories are defined according to the following convention: Very common (




























































































SOC/frequency




Adverse reaction




Blood and lymphatic system disorders


 


Rare:




Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia




Very rare:




Agranulocytosis, pancytopenia




Immune system disorders


 


Rare:




Hypersensitivity reactions e.g. fever, angioedema and anaphylactic reaction/shock




Metabolism and nutrition disorders


 


Rare:




Hyponatraemia




Very rare:




Hypomagnesaemia




Psychiatric disorders


 


Uncommon:




Insomnia




Rare:




Agitation, confusion, depression




Very rare:




Aggression, hallucinations




Nervous system disorders


 


Common:




Headache




Uncommon:




Dizziness, paraesthesia, somnolence




Rare:




Taste disturbance




Eye disorders


 


Rare:




Blurred vision




Ear and labyrinth disorders


 


Uncommon:




Vertigo




Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders


 


Rare:




Bronchospasm




Gastrointestinal disorders


 


Common:




Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence, nausea/vomiting




Rare:




Dry mouth, stomatitis, gastrointestinal candidiasis




Hepatobiliary disorders


 


Uncommon:




Increased liver enzymes




Rare:




Hepatitis with or without jaundice




Very rare:




Hepatic failure, encephalopathy in patients with pre-existing liver disease




Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders


 


Uncommon:




Dermatitis, pruritus, rash, urticaria




Rare:




Alopecia, photosensitivity




Very rare:




Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)




Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders


 


Rare:




Arthralgia, myalgia




Very rare:




Muscular weakness




Renal and urinary disorders


 


Rare:




Interstitial nephritis




Reproductive system and breast disorders


 


Very rare:




Gynaecomastia




General disorders and administration site conditions


 


Uncommon:




Malaise, peripheral oedema




Rare:




Increased sweating



Paediatric population



The safety of omeprazole has been assessed in a total of 310 children aged 0 to 16 years with acid-related disease. There are limited long term safety data from 46 children who received maintenance therapy of omeprazole during a clinical study for severe erosive esophagitis for up to 749 days. The adverse event profile was generally the same as for adults in short- as well as in long-term treatment. There are no long term data regarding the effects of omeprazole treatment on puberty and growth.



4.9 Overdose



There is limited information available on the effects of overdoses of omeprazole in humans. In the literature, doses of up to 560 mg have been described, and occasional reports have been received when single oral doses have reached up to 2,400 mg omeprazole (120 times the usual recommended clinical dose). Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and headache have been reported. Also apathy, depression and confusion have been described in single cases.



The symptoms described have been transient, and no serious outcome has been reported. The rate of elimination was unchanged (first order kinetics) with increased doses. Treatment, if needed, is symptomatic.



5. Pharmacological Properties



5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties



Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, proton pump inhibitors, ATC code: A02BC01



Mechanism of action



Omeprazole, a racemic mixture of two enantiomersreduces gastric acid secretion through a highly targeted mechanism of action. It is a specific inhibitor of the acid pump in the parietal cell. It is rapidly acting and provides control through reversible inhibition of gastric acid secretion with once daily dosing.



Omeprazole is a weak base and is concentrated and converted to the active form in the highly acidic environment of the intracellular canaliculi within the parietal cell, where it inhibits the enzyme H+ K+-ATPase - the acid pump. This effect on the final step of the gastric acid formation process is dose-dependent and provides for highly effective inhibition of both basal acid secretion and stimulated acid secretion, irrespective of stimulus.



Pharmacodynamic effects



All pharmacodynamic effects observed can be explained by the effect of omeprazole on acid secretion.



Effect on gastric acid secretion



Oral dosing with omeprazole once daily provides for rapid and effective inhibition of daytime and night-time gastric acid secretion with maximum effect being achieved within 4 days of treatment. With omeprazole 20 mg, a mean decrease of at least 80% in 24-hour intragastric acidity is then maintained in duodenal ulcer patients, with the mean decrease in peak acid output after pentagastrin stimulation being about 70% 24 hours after dosing.



Oral dosing with omeprazole 20 mg maintains an intragastric pH of



As a consequence of reduced acid secretion and intragastric acidity, omeprazole dose-dependently reduces/normalizes acid exposure of the esophagus in patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease. The inhibition of acid secretion is related to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of omeprazole and not to the actual plasma concentration at a given time.



No tachyphylaxis has been observed during treatment with omeprazole.



Effect on H. pylori



H. pylori is associated with peptic ulcer disease, including duodenal and gastric ulcer disease. H. pylori is a major factor in the development of gastritis. H. pylori together with gastric acid are major factors in the development of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori is a major factor in the development of atrophic gastritis which is associated with an increased risk of developing gastric cancer.



Eradication of H. pylori with omeprazole and antimicrobials is associated with high rates of healing and long-term remission of peptic ulcers.



Dual therapies have been tested and found to be less effective than triple therapies. They could, however, be considered in cases where known hypersensitivity precludes use of any triple combination.



Other effects related to acid inhibition



During long-term treatment gastric glandular cysts have been reported in a somewhat increased frequency. These changes are a physiological consequence of pronounced inhibition of acid secretion, are benign and appear to be reversible.



Decreased gastric acidity due to any means including proton pump inhibitors, increases gastric counts of bacteria normally present in the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with acid-reducing drugs may lead to slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter.



Paediatric use



In a non-controlled study in children (1 to 16 years of age) with severe reflux esophagitis, omeprazole at doses of 0.7 to 1.4 mg/kg improved esophagitis level in 90% of the cases and significantly reduced reflux symptoms. In a single-blind study, children aged 0–24 months with clinically diagnosed gastro-esophageal reflux disease were treated with 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg omeprazole/kg. The frequency of vomiting/regurgitation episodes decreased by 50% after 8 weeks of treatment irrespective of the dose.



Eradication of H. pylori in children



A randomised, double blind clinical study (Héliot study) concluded that omeprazole in combination with two antibiotics (amoxicillin and clarithromycin), was safe and effective in the treatment of H. pylori infection in children age 4 years old and above with gastritis: H. pylori eradication rate: 74.2% (23/31 patients) with omeprazole + amoxicillin + clarithromycin versus 9.4% (3/32 patients) with amoxicillin + clarithromycin. However, there was no evidence of any clinical benefit with respect to dyspeptic symptoms. This study does not support any information for children aged less than 4 years.



5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties



Absorption



Omeprazole and omeprazole magnesium are acid labile and are therefore administered orally as enteric-coated granules in capsules or tablets. Absorption of omeprazole is rapid, with peak plasma levels occurring approximately 1-2 hours after dose. Absorption of omeprazoletakes place in the small intestine and is usually completed within 3-6 hours. Concomitant intake of food has no influence on the bioavailability. The systemic availability (bioavailability) from a single oral dose of omeprazole is approximately 40%. After repeated once-daily administration, the bioavailability increases to about 60%.



Distribution



The apparent volume of distribution in healthy subjects is approximately 0.3 l/kg body weight. Omeprazole is 97% plasma protein bound.



Metabolism



Omeprazole is completely metabolised by the cytochrome P450 system (CYP). The major part of its metabolism is dependent on the polymorphically expressed CYP2C19, responsible for the formation of hydroxyomeprazole, the major metabolite in plasma. The remaining part is dependent on another specific isoform, CYP3A4, responsible for the formation of omeprazole sulphone. As a consequence of high affinity of omeprazole to CYP2C19, there is a potential for competitive inhibition and metabolic drug-drug interactions with other substrates for CYP2C19. However, due to low affinity to CYP3A4, omeprazole has no potential to inhibit the metabolism of other CYP3A4 substrates. In addition, omeprazole lacks an inhibitory effect on the main CYP enzymes.



Approximately 3% of the Caucasian population and 15-20% of Asian populations lack a functional CYP2C19 enzyme and are called poor metabolisers. In such individuals the metabolism of omeprazole is probably mainly catalysed by CYP3A4. After repeated once-daily administration of 20 mg omeprazole, the mean AUC was 5 to 10 times higher in poor metabolisers than in subjects having a functional CYP2C19 enzyme (extensive metabolisers). Mean peak plasma concentrations were also higher, by 3 to 5 times. These findings have no implications for the posology of omeprazole.



Excretion



The plasma elimination half-life of omeprazole is usually shorter than one hour both after single and repeated oral once-daily dosing. Omeprazole is completely eliminated from plasma between doses with no tendency for accumulation during once-daily administration. Almost 80% of an oral dose of omeprazole is excreted as metabolites in the urine, the remainder in the faeces, primarily originating from bile secretion.



The AUC of omeprazole increases with repeated administration. This increase is dose-dependent and results in a non-linear dose-AUC relationship after repeated administration. This time- and dose-dependency is due to a decrease of first pass metabolism and systemic clearance probably caused by an inhibition of the CYP2C19 enzyme by omeprazole and/or its metabolites (e.g. the sulphone).



No metabolite has been found to have any effect on gastric acid secretion.



Special populations



Impaired hepatic function



The metabolism of omeprazole in patients with liver dysfunction is impaired, resulting in an increased AUC. Omeprazole has not shown any tendency to accumulate with once daily dosing.



Impaired renal function



The pharmacokinetics of omeprazole, including systemic bioavailability and elimination rate, are unchanged in patients with reduced renal function.



Elderly



The metabolism rate of omeprazole is somewhat reduced in elderly subjects (75-79 years of age).



Paediatric patients



During treatment with the recommended doses to children from the age of 1 year, similar plasma concentrations were obtained as compared to adults. In children younger than 6 months, clearance of omeprazole is low due to low capacity to metabolise omeprazole.



5.3 Preclinical Safety Data



Gastric ECL-cell hyperplasia and carcinoids, have been observed in life-long studies in rats treated with omeprazole. These changes are the result of sustained hypergastrinaemia secondary to acid inhibition. Similar findings have been made after treatment with H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors and after partial fundectomy. Thus, these changes are not from a direct effect of any individual active substance.



6. Pharmaceutical Particulars



6.1 List Of Excipients



Capsule content:



Lactose monohydrate



Sodium laurilsulfate



Cellulose, microcrystalline (E460)



Hydroxypropylcellulose (E463)



Mannitol (E421)



Disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (E339)



Hypromellose (E464)



Triethyl citrate (E1505)



Talc (E553b)



Methacrylic acid: ethyl acrylate copolymer (1:1)



Glycerol Monostearate 40-55



Polysorbate 80 (E433)



Titanium dioxide (E171)



Capsule shell:



Iron Oxide Red (E172)



Titanium Dioxide (E171)



Gelatin



Sodium laurilsulfate



Printing ink:



Shellac (E904)



Propylene Glycol (E1520)



Iron Oxide Black (E172)



Potassium hydroxide (E525)



6.2 Incompatibilities



Not applicable.



6.3 Shelf Life



2 years



6.4 Special Precautions For Storage



Store below 30°C



6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container



Omeprazole capsules are available in PVC/Polyamide/Aluminium/PVC/Paper/Polyester/Aluminium blister packs and HDPE bottle packs.



PVC/Polyamide/Aluminium/PVC/Paper/Polyester/Aluminium blister pack: 1, 7, 14, 15, 28, 30, 50, 56, 60, 90, 98, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 capsules



HDPE bottle with silica gel desiccant contained in the polypropylene cap: 14, 28, 50 and 500 capsules



Not all pack sizes may be marketed.



6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling



Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.



7. Marketing Authorisation Holder



Milpharm Limited



Ares, Odyssey Business Park



West End Road



South Ruislip HA4 6QD



United Kingdom



8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)



PL 16363/0214



9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation



07/06/2011



10. Date Of Revision Of The Text



07/06/2011




Tuesday, 28 August 2012

Efalizumab


Generic Name: Efalizumab (EF-a-LIZ-oo-mab)
Brand Name: Raptiva

Efalizumab may increase the risk for serious and sometimes fatal infections. These may include bacterial sepsis, viral meningitis, invasive fungal disease, and other opportunistic infections. A serious nervous system problem called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by JC virus infection has also occurred in patients using Efalizumab. Seek medical attention right away if you notice signs of infection (eg, fever, sore throat, chills) or new or worsening nervous system problems (eg, trouble walking or talking, loss of balance, confusion, numbness, tingling, or weakness).





Efalizumab is used for:

Treating chronic, moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.


Efalizumab is a monoclonal antibody. It works by increasing the presence of T lymphocytes in areas of inflammation, which reduces the skin problems associated with plaque psoriasis.


Do NOT use Efalizumab if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Efalizumab

  • you have cancer, low blood platelet levels, or a severe infection

  • you have PML

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Efalizumab:


Some medical conditions may interact with Efalizumab. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have immune system problems, an ongoing or recurring infection, herpes, syphilis, tuberculosis (TB), or a history of these conditions

  • if you have arthritis, anemia or other blood problems, or nervous system problems

  • if you have cancer, a history of cancer, or if you are at risk of developing cancer

  • if you take medicines that suppress the immune system (eg, cyclosporine) or if you or anyone in your household has recently been vaccinated

  • if you use other psoriasis medicines or treatments

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Efalizumab. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:


  • Medicines that suppress the immune system (eg, cyclosporine) because the risk of severe infections or cancer may be increased

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Efalizumab may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Efalizumab:


Use Efalizumab as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Efalizumab comes with an extra patient information sheet called a Medication Guide. Read it carefully. Read it again each time you get Efalizumab refilled.

  • Efalizumab is usually given as an injection at your doctor's office, hospital, or clinic. If you will be using Efalizumab at home, a health care provider will teach you how to use it. Be sure you understand how to use Efalizumab. Follow the procedures you are taught when you use a dose. Contact your health care provider if you have any questions.

  • Do not mix the medicine ahead of time for later use. Use the medicine right away or within 8 hours after you mix it. Mix the medicine as instructed by your health care provider.

  • Do not shake the vial to mix. Swirl gently.

  • Do not use Efalizumab if it contains particles, is cloudy or discolored, or if the vial is cracked or damaged.

  • When drawing a dose into a syringe, be sure to follow the procedure demonstrated to you to prevent contamination of the vial, syringe, or medicine. Never touch the rubber stopper of the vial or the needle of the syringe with your fingers. Carefully check that you have drawn the correct dose before administration.

  • Efalizumab is only to be injected once a week. Inject it deep under the skin, NOT into the muscle. It may be injected into the thigh, abdomen, buttocks, or upper arm. The injection site should be rotated. Use Efalizumab the same day of each week.

  • Keep this product, as well as syringes and needles, out of the reach of children and pets. Do not reuse needles, syringes, or other materials. Ask your health care provider how to dispose of these materials after use. Follow all local rules for disposal.

  • If you miss a dose of Efalizumab, contact your doctor right away for instructions and to establish a new dosing schedule.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Efalizumab.



Important safety information:


  • Do not stop using Efalizumab without first checking with your doctor. Some conditions may become worse when the medicine is stopped. If you have concerns about this, discuss them with your doctor.

  • Your dose is based on your weight, medical condition, and response to therapy. Do NOT use more than the recommended dose of Efalizumab. Contact your doctor if your weight changes. Your dose may need to be adjusted.

  • Tell your doctor or dentist that you take Efalizumab before you receive any medical or dental care, emergency care, or surgery.

  • Efalizumab may reduce the number of clot-forming cells (platelets) in your blood. Avoid activities that may cause bruising or injury. Tell your doctor if you have unusual bruising or bleeding. Tell your doctor if you have dark, tarry, or bloody stools.

  • Efalizumab may lower the ability of your body to fight infection. Avoid contact with people who have colds or infections. Tell your doctor if you notice signs of infection like fever, sore throat, rash, or chills.

  • You may experience minor headache, chills, fever, nausea, and muscle aches within the first 48 hours after you use a dose of Efalizumab. These effects usually decrease after the first few weeks of use. If these effects persist or are severe, contact your doctor.

  • Do not receive a live vaccine (eg, measles, mumps) while you are taking Efalizumab. Talk with your doctor before you receive any vaccine.

  • Efalizumab may increase your risk for certain cancers. Discuss all the benefits and risks of using Efalizumab with your doctor. Contact your health care provider immediately if you develop any unusual growths or lumps.

  • Do not receive phototherapy treatments while using Efalizumab unless your doctor tells you to.

  • Lab tests, including complete blood cell counts, may be performed while you use Efalizumab. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.

  • Use Efalizumab with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more at risk of infection.

  • Efalizumab should not be used in CHILDREN; safety and effectiveness in children have not been confirmed.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: It is not known if Efalizumab can cause harm to the fetus. If you become pregnant while you take Efalizumab or within 6 weeks after you stop it, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Efalizumab while you are pregnant. It is not known if Efalizumab is found in breast milk. Do not breast-feed while taking Efalizumab.


Possible side effects of Efalizumab:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Acne; back pain; headache; muscle aches; nausea; swelling in the arms or legs; vomiting.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); blood in the stool; dark urine; dizziness when standing or sitting up; fainting; hearing changes or hearing loss; infection or flu-like symptoms (eg, fever, chills, cough, sore throat, stiff neck); new growths or lumps; new or worsening arthritis symptoms (eg, joint pain, redness, stiffness, swelling); new or worsening nervous system problems (eg, confusion; loss of balance; numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms, legs, or face; trouble walking or talking); red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; severe or persistent headache; shortness of breath; unusual bruising or bleeding; unusual tiredness or weakness; vision changes; worsening of psoriasis; yellowing of the skin or eyes.



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.


See also: Efalizumab side effects (in more detail)


If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include severe vomiting.


Proper storage of Efalizumab:

Store Efalizumab in the refrigerator, between 36 and 46 degrees F (2 and 8 degrees C), in the original carton before mixing. Do not freeze. Protect the vial from light. After mixing, if you cannot use the medicine immediately, it may be stored at room temperature, between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C), for up to 8 hours. Do not use after 8 hours. Keep Efalizumab, as well as syringes and needles, out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Efalizumab, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Efalizumab is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Efalizumab. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Efalizumab resources


  • Efalizumab Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Efalizumab Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Efalizumab Drug Interactions
  • Efalizumab Support Group
  • 4 Reviews for Efalizumab - Add your own review/rating


  • Efalizumab Professional Patient Advice (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Efalizumab Monograph (AHFS DI)

  • efalizumab Subcutaneous Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

  • Raptiva Consumer Overview



Compare Efalizumab with other medications


  • Psoriasis

Monday, 27 August 2012

moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide


hye-droe-klor-oh-THYE-a-zide, moe-EX-i-pril hye-droe-KLOR-ide


Oral route(Tablet)

ACE inhibitors can cause injury or death to the developing fetus when used during the second and third trimesters. Stop therapy as soon as possible when pregnancy is detected .



Commonly used brand name(s)

In the U.S.


  • Uniretic

Available Dosage Forms:


  • Tablet

Therapeutic Class: ACE Inhibitor/Thiazide Combination


Pharmacologic Class: Diuretic


Chemical Class: Thiazide


Uses For moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide


Moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide combination is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). High blood pressure adds to the workload of the heart and arteries. If it continues for a long time, the heart and arteries may not function properly. This can damage the blood vessels of the brain, heart, and kidneys, resulting in a stroke, heart failure, or kidney failure. Hypertension may also increase the risk of heart attacks. These problems may be less likely to occur if blood pressure is controlled .


Moexipril works by blocking an enzyme in the body that is necessary to produce a substance that causes blood vessels to tighten. As a result, the blood vessels relax. Hydrochlorothiazide works by helping to reduce the amount of salt and water in the body by acting on the kidneys to increase the flow of urine. Both of these medicines lower blood pressure and increase the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart .


moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide is available only with your doctor's prescription .


Before Using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide


In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide, the following should be considered:


Allergies


Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.


Pediatric


Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide combination in the pediatric population. Safety and efficacy have not been established .


Geriatric


Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatrics-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide combination in the elderly. However, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related kidney problems, which may require an adjustment of dose in patients receiving moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide combination .


Pregnancy














Pregnancy CategoryExplanation
1st TrimesterCAnimal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
2nd TrimesterDStudies in pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus. However, the benefits of therapy in a life threatening situation or a serious disease, may outweigh the potential risk.
3rd TrimesterDStudies in pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus. However, the benefits of therapy in a life threatening situation or a serious disease, may outweigh the potential risk.

Breast Feeding


There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.


Interactions with Medicines


Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.


Using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.


  • Dofetilide

Using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.


  • Acetyldigoxin

  • Alteplase, Recombinant

  • Amiloride

  • Arsenic Trioxide

  • Azathioprine

  • Azilsartan Medoxomil

  • Candesartan Cilexetil

  • Canrenoate

  • Deslanoside

  • Digitalis

  • Digitoxin

  • Digoxin

  • Droperidol

  • Eplerenone

  • Eprosartan

  • Flecainide

  • Ketanserin

  • Levomethadyl

  • Lithium

  • Losartan

  • Metildigoxin

  • Olmesartan Medoxomil

  • Ouabain

  • Potassium

  • Proscillaridin

  • Sotalol

  • Spironolactone

  • Telmisartan

  • Triamterene

  • Valsartan

Using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.


  • Aceclofenac

  • Acemetacin

  • Alacepril

  • Alclofenac

  • Aliskiren

  • Apazone

  • Aspirin

  • Azosemide

  • Bemetizide

  • Benazepril

  • Bendroflumethiazide

  • Benoxaprofen

  • Benzthiazide

  • Bepridil

  • Bromfenac

  • Bufexamac

  • Bumetanide

  • Bupivacaine

  • Buthiazide

  • Capsaicin

  • Captopril

  • Carbamazepine

  • Carprofen

  • Celecoxib

  • Chlorothiazide

  • Chlorpropamide

  • Chlorthalidone

  • Cholestyramine

  • Cilazapril

  • Clometacin

  • Clonixin

  • Clopamide

  • Cyclopenthiazide

  • Cyclophosphamide

  • Cyclothiazide

  • Delapril

  • Dexketoprofen

  • Diclofenac

  • Diflunisal

  • Dipyrone

  • Droxicam

  • Enalaprilat

  • Enalapril Maleate

  • Ethacrynic Acid

  • Etodolac

  • Etofenamate

  • Felbinac

  • Fenbufen

  • Fenoprofen

  • Fentiazac

  • Floctafenine

  • Flufenamic Acid

  • Flurbiprofen

  • Fosinopril

  • Furosemide

  • Ginkgo

  • Glipizide

  • Gold Sodium Thiomalate

  • Gossypol

  • Hydrochlorothiazide

  • Hydroflumethiazide

  • Ibuprofen

  • Ibuprofen Lysine

  • Imidapril

  • Indapamide

  • Indomethacin

  • Indoprofen

  • Isoxicam

  • Ketoprofen

  • Ketorolac

  • Licorice

  • Lisinopril

  • Lornoxicam

  • Magnesium Salicylate

  • Meclofenamate

  • Mefenamic Acid

  • Meloxicam

  • Methyclothiazide

  • Metolazone

  • Moexipril

  • Nabumetone

  • Naproxen

  • Nepafenac

  • Niflumic Acid

  • Nimesulide

  • Oxaprozin

  • Oxyphenbutazone

  • Pentopril

  • Perindopril

  • Phenylbutazone

  • Pirazolac

  • Piretanide

  • Piroxicam

  • Pirprofen

  • Polythiazide

  • Propyphenazone

  • Proquazone

  • Quinapril

  • Quinethazone

  • Ramipril

  • Salicylic Acid

  • Salsalate

  • Spirapril

  • Sulindac

  • Suprofen

  • Temocapril

  • Tenidap

  • Tenoxicam

  • Tiaprofenic Acid

  • Tolmetin

  • Topiramate

  • Torsemide

  • Trandolapril

  • Trichlormethiazide

  • Xipamide

  • Zofenopril

  • Zomepirac

Interactions with Food/Tobacco/Alcohol


Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.


Other Medical Problems


The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:


  • Angioedema, history of—May increase the risk of this condition occurring again .

  • Anuria (not able to pass urine)—moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide should not be used in patients with this condition.

  • Asthma, bronchial—moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide may cause sensitivity reactions .

  • Congestive heart failure (severe) or

  • Dehydration or

  • Diarrhea or

  • Hyponatremia (low sodium in the blood) or

  • Kidney disease—These conditions may cause the blood pressure to fall too low with moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide .

  • Diabetes or

  • Gout or

  • Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol in the blood) or

  • Hyperuricemia (high uric acid in the blood) or

  • Liver disease or

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—These conditions may be made worse .

Proper Use of moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide


In addition to the use of moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide, treatment for your high blood pressure may include weight control and changes in the types of foods you eat, especially foods high in sodium. Your doctor will tell you which of these are most important for you. You should check with your doctor before changing your diet.


Many patients who have high blood pressure will not notice any signs of the problem. In fact, many may feel normal. It is very important that you take your medicine exactly as directed and that you keep your appointments with your doctor even if you feel well.


Remember that moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide will not cure your high blood pressure but it does help control it. Therefore, you must continue to take it as directed if you expect to lower your blood pressure and keep it down. You may have to take high blood pressure medicine for the rest of your life. If high blood pressure is not treated, it can cause serious problems such as heart failure, blood vessel disease, stroke, or kidney disease.


It is best to take moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide on an empty stomach at least 1 hour before eating any food .


Dosing


The dose of moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.


The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.


  • For oral dosage form (tablets):
    • For high blood pressure:
      • Adults—1 or 2 tablets once a day.

      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor .



Missed Dose


If you miss a dose of moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.


Storage


Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.


Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.


Keep out of the reach of children.


Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.


Precautions While Using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide


It is very important that your doctor check your progress at regular visits to make sure moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide is working properly and to check for unwanted effects. Blood tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects .


Using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide while you are pregnant can harm your unborn baby. If you think you have become pregnant while using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide, tell your doctor right away .


Stop using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide and call your doctor right away if you have swelling of the face, arms, legs, eyes, lips, or tongue, or problems with swallowing or breathing. These are symptoms of a condition called angioedema .


Stop using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide and call your doctor right away if you have severe stomach pain. This could be a symptom of a condition called intestinal angioedema .


You may experience lightheadedness during the first few days with moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide. If this becomes severe and you faint, stop using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide and talk to your doctor right away .


Tell your doctor immediately if you have any signs of infection such as chills, sore throat, or fever. These may be symptoms of an immune system condition called neutropenia .


If your symptoms do not improve within a few days or if they become worse, check with your doctor .


moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide may affect blood sugar levels. If you notice a change in the results of your blood or urine sugar tests, or if you have any questions, check with your doctor .


Check with your doctor right away if you have symptoms of jaundice (yellow skin or eyes) because these may be signs of a serious liver condition .


moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide may increase the amount of potassium in your blood. Do not use salt substitutes containing potassium without first checking with your doctor .


Make sure any doctor or dentist who treats you knows that you are using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide. You may need to stop using moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide several days before having surgery or medical tests .


moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide Side Effects


Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.


Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:


Less common
  • Blurred vision

  • confusion

  • decreased urination

  • dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness when getting up from a lying or sitting position suddenly

  • dry mouth

  • fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat

  • muscle cramps or pain

  • numbness, tingling, pain, or weakness in hands or feet

  • rapid breathing

  • seizures

  • sunken eyes

  • sweating

  • thirst

  • trembling

  • unusual tiredness or weakness

  • weakness and heaviness of legs

  • wrinkled skin

Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:


Less common
  • Cough

Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.


Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

See also: moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide side effects (in more detail)



The information contained in the Thomson Reuters Micromedex products as delivered by Drugs.com is intended as an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatment. It is not a substitute for a medical exam, nor does it replace the need for services provided by medical professionals. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before taking any prescription or over the counter drugs (including any herbal medicines or supplements) or following any treatment or regimen. Only your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist can provide you with advice on what is safe and effective for you.


The use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products is at your sole risk. These products are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either express or implied. Thomson Reuters Healthcare and Drugs.com make no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the products. Additionally, THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE OPINIONS OR OTHER SERVICE OR DATA YOU MAY ACCESS, DOWNLOAD OR USE AS A RESULT OF USE OF THE THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Thomson Reuters Healthcare does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products.


More moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide resources


  • Moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide Dosage
  • Moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Drug Images
  • Moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide Drug Interactions
  • Moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide Support Group
  • 1 Review for Moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide - Add your own review/rating


Compare moexipril and hydrochlorothiazide with other medications


  • High Blood Pressure

Sunday, 26 August 2012

ethambutol


Generic Name: ethambutol (eth AM bue tol)

Brand Names: Myambutol


What is ethambutol?

Ethambutol is an antibiotic. It prevents growth of the tuberculous bacteria in the body.


Ethambutol is used to treat tuberculosis (TB).


Ethambutol may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.


What is the most important information I should know about ethambutol?


Take all of the ethambutol that has been prescribed for you even if you begin to feel better. Your symptoms may begin to improve before the infection is completely treated.

Call your doctor immediately if you experience changes in vision (e.g., blurring, red-green color blindness) or a rash.


What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking ethambutol?


Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you have



  • ever had an allergic reaction to ethambutol;




  • cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, or optic neuritis; or




  • kidney disease.



You may not be able to take ethambutol, or you may require a dosage adjustment or special monitoring during treatment if you have any of the conditions listed above.


It is not known whether ethambutol will be harmful to an unborn baby. Do not take this medication without first talking to your doctor if you are pregnant or could become pregnant during treatment. It is also not known whether ethambutol will be harmful to a nursing baby. Do not take this medication without first talking to your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.

How should I take ethambutol?


Take ethambutol exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not understand these instructions, ask your pharmacist, nurse, or doctor to explain them to you.


Take each dose with a full glass (8 ounces) of water.

Ethambutol can be taken with or without food. Taking ethambutol with food may decrease stomach upset.


Take all of the ethambutol that has been prescribed for you even if you begin to feel better. Your symptoms may begin to improve before the infection is completely treated.

Ethambutol is usually combined with one or more other tuberculosis medicines.


Store this medication at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

See also: Ethambutol dosage (in more detail)

What happens if I miss a dose?


Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for the next regularly scheduled dose, skip the missed dose and take the next one as directed. Do not take a double dose of this medication.


What happens if I overdose?


Seek emergency medical attention if an overdose is suspected.

Symptoms of an ethambutol overdose are unknown.


What should I avoid while taking ethambutol?


There are no restrictions on foods, beverages, or activities during treatment with ethambutol unless otherwise directed by your doctor.


Ethambutol side effects


If you experience any of the following serious side effects, stop taking ethambutol and seek emergency medical attention or contact your doctor immediately:

  • an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of the throat; swelling of the lips, tongue, or face; or hives);




  • vision changes (e.g., blurring, red-green color blindness);




  • a rash;




  • numbness or tingling in your fingers, toes, hands, or feet;




  • confusion, disorientation, or hallucinations; or




  • fever.



Other, less serious side effects may be more likely to occur. Continue to take ethambutol and talk to your doctor if you experience



  • stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or decreased appetite;




  • headache;




  • mild dizziness;




  • worsening gout; or




  • joint pain.



This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


Ethambutol Dosing Information


Usual Adult Dose for Tuberculosis -- Active:

Initial treatment: 15 mg/kg orally once a day for 6 to 8 weeks with concurrent isoniazid therapy.
Retreatment: 25 mg/kg orally once a day for 60 days concurrently with at least one other anti-TB drug. After 60 days, decrease dose to 15 mg/kg orally once a day.
As an alternative to single daily dose, a dose of 40 mg/kg orally twice a week or 30 mg/kg orally 3 times a week can be administered. This generally follows 2 weeks of daily therapy. This regimen allows directly observed therapy (DOT).

Usual Adult Dose for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare -- Treatment:

900 mg orally once a day. Pulmonary AVI treatment consists of clarithromycin and 2 to 4 other drugs such as ethambutol, rifampin, clofazimine, and/or other agents. The duration of treatment is 18 to 24 months.
Disseminated MAI treatment consists of clarithromycin or azithromycin and 1 to 3 other drugs such as ethambutol, clofazamine, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, rifampin, rifabutin, or amikacin. As long as clinical and microbiological response is documented, therapy should be continued for life.

Usual Adult Dose for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare -- Prophylaxis:

15 mg/kg orally once a day. Used in combination therapy with clarithromycin or azithromycin. Therapy should be continued for life.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Tuberculosis -- Active:

Greater than 13 years:
Initial treatment: 15 mg/kg orally once a day for 6 to 8 weeks with concurrent isoniazid therapy.
Retreatment: 25 mg/kg orally once a day for 60 days concurrently with at least one other anti-TB drug. After 60 days, decrease dose to 15 mg/kg orally once a day.
As an alternative to single daily dose, a dose of 40 mg/kg orally twice a week or 30 mg/kg orally 3 times a week can be administered. This generally follows 2 weeks of daily therapy. This regimen allows directly observed therapy (DOT).

Usual Pediatric Dose for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare -- Treatment:

Greater than 13 years:
900 mg orally once a day. Pulmonary AVI treatment consists of clarithromycin and 2 to 4 other drugs such as ethambutol, rifampin, clofazimine, and/or other agents. The duration of treatment is 18 to 24 months.
Disseminated MAI treatment consists of clarithromycin or azithromycin and 1 to 3 other drugs such as ethambutol, clofazamine, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, rifampin, rifabutin, or amikacin. As long as clinical and microbiological response is documented, therapy should be continued for life.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare -- Prophylaxis:

Greater than 13 years:
15 mg/kg orally once a day. Used in combination therapy with clarithromycin or azithromycin. Therapy should be continued for life.


What other drugs will affect ethambutol?


Do not take antacids that contain aluminum within several hours of taking a dose of ethambutol. Aluminum will decrease the amount of ethambutol that is absorbed by the body. If you need an antacid, ask your doctor or pharmacist to recommend one that is aluminum free.


Drugs other than those listed here may also interact with ethambutol. Talk to your doctor and pharmacist before taking any prescription or over-the-counter medicines, including vitamins, minerals, and herbal products.



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Where can I get more information?


  • Your pharmacist can provide more information about ethambutol.

See also: ethambutol side effects (in more detail)


Saturday, 25 August 2012

Neo-Poly-Dex Eye Drops



neomycin sulfate, polymyxin b sulfate, and dexamethasone

Dosage Form: ophthalmic suspension
Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Dexamethasone Ophthalmic Suspension USP (Sterile)

Rx only



DESCRIPTION:


Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Dexamethasone Ophthalmic Suspension USP is a multiple dose anti-infective steroid combination in a sterile suspension for topical application. The active ingredient, Dexamethasone, is represented by the following structural formula:



C22H29FO5


Mol. Wt. 392.47


Chemical Name: Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 9-fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methyl-, (11β,16α)-.


Neomycin Sulfate is the sulfate salt of neomycin B and C which are produced by the growth of Streptomyces fradiae Waksman (Fam. Streptomycetaceae). It has a potency equivalent to not less than 600 micrograms of neomycin base per milligram, calculated on an anhydrous basis. The structural formula is:



Polymyxin B Sulfate is the sulfate salt of polymyxin B1 and B2 which are produced by the growth of Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski) Migula (Fam. Bacillaceae). It has a potency of not less than 6,000 polymyxin B units per milligram, calculated on an anhydrous basis. The structural formula is:



Each mL Contains: ACTIVES: Neomycin Sulfate (equivalent to 3.5 mg Neomycin), Polymyxin B Sulfate equal to 10,000 polymyxin B units, Dexamethasone 1 mg (0.1%); INACTIVES: Sodium Chloride, Hypromellose, Polysorbate 20, Purified Water. Hydrochloric Acid and/or Sodium Hydroxide may be added to adjust pH (3.5 – 6.0).

PRESERVATIVE ADDED: Benzalkonium Chloride 0.004%



CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:


Corticoids suppress the inflammatory response to a variety of agents and they probably delay or slow the healing. Since corticoids may inhibit the body’s defense mechanism against infection, a concomitant antimicrobial drug may be used when this inhibition is considered to be clinically significant in a particular case.


When a decision to administer both a corticoid and an antimicrobial is made, the administration of such drugs in combination has the advantage of greater patient compliance and convenience, with the added assurance that the appropriate dosage of both drugs is administered, plus assured compatibility of ingredients when both types of drugs are in the same formulation and, particularly, that the correct volume of drug is delivered and retained.


The relative potency of corticosteroids depends on the molecular structure, concentration, and release from the vehicle.



INDICATIONS AND USAGE:


For steroid-responsive inflammatory ocular conditions for which a corticosteroid is indicated and where bacterial infection or a risk of bacterial ocular infection exists.


Ocular steroids are indicated in inflammatory conditions of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea, and anterior segment of the globe where the inherent risk of steroid use in certain infective conjunctivitis is accepted to obtain a diminution in edema and inflammation. They are also indicated in chronic anterior uveitis and corneal injury from chemical, radiation or thermal burns, or penetration of foreign bodies.


The use of a combination drug with an anti-infective component is indicated where the risk of infection is high or where there is an expectation that potentially dangerous numbers of bacteria will be present in the eye.


The particular anti-infective drug in this product is active against the following common bacterial eye pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella/Enterobacter species, Neisseria species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


This product does not provide adequate coverage against Serratia marcescens, and Streptococci, including Streptococcus pneumoniae.



CONTRAINDICATIONS:


Neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension is contraindicated in most viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva, including epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), vaccinia, varicella, and also in mycobacterial infection of the eye and fungal diseases of ocular structures. Neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension is also contraindicated in individuals with known or suspected hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients of this preparation and to other corticosteroids.



WARNINGS:


Prolonged use of corticosteroids may result in glaucoma with damage to the optic nerve, defects in visual acuity and fields of vision, and in posterior subcapsular cataract formation. Prolonged use may also suppress the host immune response and thus increase the hazard of secondary ocular infections.


Various ocular diseases and long-term use of topical corticosteroids have been known to cause corneal and scleral thinning. Use of topical corticosteroids in the presence of thin corneal or scleral tissue may lead to perforation.


Acute purulent infections of the eye may be masked or activity enhanced by the presence of corticosteroid medication.


If this product is used for 10 days or longer, intraocular pressure should be routinely monitored even though it may be difficult in children and uncooperative patients. Steroids should be used with caution in the presence of glaucoma. Intraocular pressure should be checked frequently.


The use of steroids after cataract surgery may delay healing and increase the incidence of bleb formation.


Use of ocular steroids may prolong the course and may exacerbate the severity of many viral infections of the eye (including herpes simplex). Employment of a corticosteroid medication in the treatment of patients with a history of herpes simplex requires great caution; frequent slit lamp microscopy is recommended.


Neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension is not for injection. It should never be injected subconjunctivally, nor should it be directly introduced into the anterior chamber of the eye.


Products containing neomycin sulfate may cause cutaneous sensitization.



PRECAUTIONS:



General


The initial prescription and renewal of the medication order beyond 20 mL should be made by a physician only after examination of the patient with the aid of magnification, such as a slit lamp biomicroscopy and, where appropriate, fluorescein staining. If signs and symptoms fail to improve after two days, the patient should be re-evaluated.


As fungal infections of the cornea are particularly prone to develop coincidentally with long-term corticosteroid applications, fungal invasion should be suspected in any persistent corneal ulceration where a corticosteroid has been used or is in use. Fungal cultures should be taken when appropriate.


If this product is used for 10 days or longer, intraocular pressure should be monitored (see WARNINGS).


Prolonged use of topical anti-bacterial agents may give rise to overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms including fungi.



Information for Patients:


If inflammation or pain persists longer than 48 hours or becomes aggravated, the patient should be advised to discontinue use of the medication and consult a physician.


This product is sterile when packaged. To prevent contamination, care should be taken to avoid touching the bottle tip to eyelids or to any other surface. The use of this bottle by more than one person may spread infection. Keep bottle tightly closed when not in use. Keep out of reach of children.



Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility


Long-term studies in animals to evaluate carcinogenic or mutagenic potential have not been conducted with polymyxin B sulfate. Treatment of cultured human lymphocytes in vitro with neomycin increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations at the highest concentration (80 µg/mL) tested. However, the effects of neomycin on carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in humans are unknown.


Polymyxin B has been reported to impair the motility of equine sperm, but its effects on male or female fertility are unknown.



Pregnancy


Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category C.


Dexamethasone has been shown to be teratogenic in mice and rabbits following topical ophthalmic application in multiples of the therapeutic dose.


In the mouse, corticosteroids produce fetal resorptions and a specific abnormality, cleft palate. In the rabbit, corticosteroids have produced fetal resorptions and multiple abnormalities involving the head, ears, limbs, palate, etc.


There are no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk to the embryo or fetus. Infants born of mothers who have received substantial doses of corticosteroids during pregnancy should be observed carefully for signs of hypoadrenalism.



Nursing Mothers


Systemically administered corticosteroids appear in human milk and could suppress growth, interfere with endogenous corticosteroid production, or cause other untoward effects. It is not known whether topical administration of corticosteroids could result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension is administered to a nursing woman.



Pediatric Use


Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 2 years have not been established.



Geriatric Use


No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients.



ADVERSE REACTIONS:


Adverse reactions have occurred with steroid/anti-infective combination drugs which can be attributed to the steroid component, the antiinfective component, or the combination. Exact incidence figures are not available since no denominator of treated patients is available.


Reactions occurring most often from the presence of the anti-infective ingredients are allergic sensitizations. The reactions due to the steroid component are: elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) with possible development of glaucoma, and infrequent optic nerve damage; posterior subcapsular cataract formation; and delayed wound healing.


Corticosteroid-containing preparations have also been reported to cause perforation of the globe. Keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, and conjunctival hyperemia have occasionally been reported following use of steroids.



DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION:


One or two drops topically in the conjunctival sac(s). In severe disease, drops may be used hourly, being tapered to discontinuation as the inflammation subsides. In mild disease, drops may be used up to four to six times daily.


Not more than 20 mL should be prescribed initially and the prescription should not be refilled without further evaluation as outlined in PRECAUTIONS above.


SHAKE WELL BEFORE USING.



HOW SUPPLIED:


Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Dexamethasone Ophthalmic Suspension USP is supplied in a controlled drop tip bottle in the following size:


5 mL - Prod. No. 04107


DO NOT USE IF IMPRINTED NECKBAND IS NOT INTACT.


FOR OPHTHALMIC USE ONLY



Storage


Store between 15°-30° C (59°-86° F). Store upright.


KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.


Revised September 2008


Bausch & Lomb Incorporated

Tampa, FL 33637

©Bausch & Lomb Incorporated


9114201 (Folded)

9114301 (Flat)



Principal Display Panel



NDC 11695-1403-5


NEO-POLY-DEX


Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Dexamethasone Ophthalmic Suspension USP


Rx only


STERILE


5 mL


Reorder No. 002601


Distributed Exclusively by:


Butler AHS Dublin, OH 43017


OPHTHIMAL









NEO-POLY-DEX 
neomycin sulfate, polymyxin b sulfate and dexamethasone  suspension/ drops










Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)11695-1403
Route of AdministrationOPHTHALMICDEA Schedule    














Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
Neomycin Sulfate (NEOMYCIN)Neomycin Sulfate3.5 mg  in 1 mL
Polymyxin B Sulfate (POLYMYXIN B)Polymyxin B Sulfate10000 [USP'U]  in 1 mL
Dexamethasone (DEXAMETHASONE)Dexamethasone1 mg  in 1 mL


















Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE 
Hydrochloric Acid 
HYPROMELLOSES 
POLYSORBATE 20 
Water 
Sodium Chloride 
Sodium Hydroxide 


















Product Characteristics
Color    Score    
ShapeSize
FlavorImprint Code
Contains      














Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
111695-1403-51 BOTTLE In 1 CARTONcontains a BOTTLE, DROPPER
15 mL In 1 BOTTLE, DROPPERThis package is contained within the CARTON (11695-1403-5)










Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
ANDAANDA06413509/13/1995


Labeler - Butler Animal Health Supply (017880659)

Registrant - Bausch & Lomb Incorporated (196603781)









Establishment
NameAddressID/FEIOperations
Bausch & Lomb Incorporated807927397MANUFACTURE
Revised: 11/2010Butler Animal Health Supply




More Neo-Poly-Dex Eye Drops resources


  • Neo-Poly-Dex Eye Drops Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Neo-Poly-Dex Eye Drops Dosage
  • Neo-Poly-Dex Eye Drops Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Neo-Poly-Dex Eye Drops Drug Interactions
  • Neo-Poly-Dex Eye Drops Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Neo-Poly-Dex Eye - Add your own review/rating


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